Security Isn’t Just Cameras, Energy Isn’t Just Meters: The Architectural Coupling Trap in Smart Park Management
Across 12 smart park deployments, we found security and energy systems built in isolation—causing delayed alarms, failed energy-saving policies, and inaccurate carbon reporting. This article exposes real coupling gaps at device, event, and decision layers—and presents our three-layer collaborative modeling method on the eppay IoT platform.