Device Onboarding Is Not Just 'Assigning an IP': The Protocol-Layer Battlefield in IoT Platform Architecture
In an auto-parts factory deployment, 73% of device onboarding delays stemmed from protocol parsing failures—not network or permission issues. This article dissects semantic loss, state drift, and heartbeat fraud across MQTT, Modbus, and OPC UA in real production lines, and presents ePPay’s four-stage convergence design at the protocol abstraction layer.